How life would be different if you were in an impaired driving related Essay

How life would be different if you were in an impaired driving related crash - Essay Example These shapes begin to move faster and faster until everything around me seems to be spiraling out of control. I feel a wave of fear grip me before everything is brought to an abrupt halt with a sudden jerk, and I wake up, drenched in sweat, gasping for air. These nightmares are only the least of the damages caused by my accident. The accident occurred around six months ago, when I crashed my car into a tree. I was rushing back home from a party. The reckless driving was owed partly to my speeding and mostly to the influence of alcohol. I remember the car swerving uncontrollably and the next thing I know I was in the ER. The doctors informed me that I had sustained serious injuries in my lower back and the wounds on my face needed several stitches. There was a substantial threat of my spinal tissue being damaged to the extent that it could cause me to become a paraplegic. Thus, I was prescribed bed-rest for six months at least. Now I live under constant fear of having my lower body paralyzed. Doctors have advised me to give up any physically demanding sports. The athletic body which once hosted the spirit of an enthusiastic snowboarder is now too vulnerable to even the mildest of workouts. I have had to take a prolonged leave of absence from my school and now all of my friends will graduate before I do. My parents have had to cancel our family trip because I will have summer school to attend during the vacations. My criminal record is not as spotless as it used to be, and I know this will impact my college applications. The promise of the bright future ahead is beginning to fade a little. The weekends I once spent playing at the local bar with my band are now wasted in physiotherapy sessions. My parents have to tolerate the judgmental looks from their peers every time my accident is brought up in a conversation. They blame themselves for putting too much faith in their 16-year old boy. They no longer trust me and I can sense the disappointment in their eyes.

Does Music Influence Sexuality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Does Music Influence Sexuality - Research Paper Example This paper will explore the question as to whether music, or indeed any other media art form, has the power to influence sexuality and bring about sexual expression in its audiences. Discussion Music, like any other art form, is eminently able to evoke emotions in us. That is why you find people moved to tears by violin concertos or entranced by the lifting spirit of trumpets and cymbals in a March composition. Music is a language by itself, but while it has the ability to thrill you or move you emotionally, I have hardly ever heard it being able to stir sexuality in the human mind or body. We may refer to a particular music video as sexy or provocative, but hardly rate its music as so. Take any video by Shakira, or Madonna, or Britney Spears for example. While people talk about it in hushed tones, and berate its sexually explicit content, few would say that the music itself was sexy. The oohs, aahs and other gushes of excitement are linked to our memories of what was transpiring in the videos of the particular song at that moment. It is the video that is sexy, not the music. The notion that sex sells has been used to sell everything from cigarettes to cars, so why leave out music. And right from the time that Queen created ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’, the very first English music video, music videos became a more and more important art form. There was even a time when the music didn’t really matter, the videos did. You could have the crappiest music and lyrics, but if you had a good video, with handsome boys and sexy girls doing their thing without a second thought, you had the makings of a hit on MTV. Take Lady Gaga and her ‘Bad Romance’ video. I don’t think I could come up with a worse video if I searched for years. Yet she is a top selling artist, even more famous than Avril Lavigne or Taylor Swift, whose songs and music definitely have more merit. Let us now consider the argument often put forward by parents and politicians that sex and violence has been the mainstay of music videos for some time now. Most likely this started with videos by Madonna, or Prince, or Shakira, in which sexual content and contentions are the order of the day. Look, sex sells and while such videos have often been used by upcoming artists to increase their publicity and shock value, the effect is fleeting. That is because airplay is limited, and competition is fierce in the music industry. Right from the time Madonna burst on the music scene with Like a Virgin, she has been ‘using sexual innuendo to shock audiences’ (Streitmatter, 34). It is like monkey see, monkey do. If we take the lyrics of Shaggy’s ‘It Wasn’t Me’ or Pink’s ‘Fucking Perfect’ or Akon’s ‘She’s Getting Naked’, most of the 40 plus crowd will be shocked to hear the lyrics, much less see the songs on MTV. Yet most of us hardly react with a shrug. It’s all make-believe, w e say, and our kids should know that. But do they really? Let’s say some Lothario or super vixen wants to act this out in real life. Does it catch on, and how bad would it be? I would say the effect would be limited. No one wants to make a fool of themselves or be taken advantage of, no matter what they are doing in the music videos. I for one believe that music does not influence sexuality and sexual expression. There are many positive things that music can do to you. It can lift up your spirits, help you

Maintenance and Operation of Lubricant Systems

Maintenance and Operation of Lubricant Systems Activity 1 Explain the purpose and the applications of three different types of lubricant. Greases: are solid or semisolid lubricants and generally consist of soaps, mineral oil, and various additives. These are highly viscous ad adhere well to metal surfaces. Although used extensively in machinery, greases are of limited use in manufacturing processes. Graphite: is weak in shear alone its basal planes and therefore has a low coefficient of friction in that direction. It is an effective solid lubricant, particularly at elevated temperatures. In a vacuum or an inertgas atmosphere, friction is very high; in fact, graphite can be abrasive in these situations. We can apply graphite either by rubbing it on surfaces or by making it part of a colloidal (dispersion of small particles). Glasses: is a solid material, glass becomes viscous at elevated temperatures and, therefore, can serve as a liquid lubricant. Viscosity is a function of temperatures, but not of pressure, and depends on the type of glass. Poor thermal conductivity also makes glass attractive, since it acts as a thermal barrier between hot work pieces and relatively cool dies. Glass lubrication is typically used in such applications as hot extrusion and forging. Activity 2 Describe the operation and maintenance of three different lubrications systems. Oil circulatory systems: In Oil circulatory systems, the oil is continuously supplied to various moving parts and bearings. In such systems, oil acts both as lubricant and also as coolant by earning away heat generated in the bearings/moving parts. The oil after lubrication is returned to reservoir either directly or through filters. These systems are large, employing reservoirs of capacity ranging from few hundreds of liters to thousands of liters. The pumps are heavy duty, intended for continuous running, with flow rate ranging from few tens of LPM to few thousands of LPM. These systems are widely used for plants like Cement, Sugar, Paper, Power generation. Steel as well as heavy duty machineries. Full Force Feed systems: In a full force-feed lubrication system, the main bearings, rod bearings, camshaft bearings, and the complete valve mechanism are lubricated by oil under pressure. In addition, the full force-feed lubrication system provides lubrication under pressure to the pistons and the piston pins. This is accomplished by holes drilled the length of the connecting rod, creating an oil passage from the connecting rod bearing To the piston pin bearing. This passage not only feeds the piston pin bearings but also provides lubrication for the pistons and cylinder walls. This system is used in virtually all engines that are equipped with full-floating piston pins. Force Feed systems: A fairly more complete pressurization of lubrication is achieved in the force-feed lubrication system Oil is forced by the oil pump from the crankcase to the main bearings and the camshaft bearings. Unlike the combination system the connecting-rod bearings are also fed oil under pressure from the pump. Oil passages are drilled in the crankshaft to lead oil to the connecting-rod bearings. The passages deliver oil from the main bearing journals to the rod bearing journals. In some engines, these opening are holes that line up once for every crankshaft revolution. In other engines, there are annular grooves in the main bearings through which oil can feed constantly into the hole in the crankshaft. The pressurized oil that lubricates the connecting-rod bearings goes on to lubricate the pistons and walls by squirting out through strategically drilled holes. This lubrication system is used in virtually all engines that are equipped with semifloating piston pins. Activity 3: Describe the operation of one seal, one type of packing and two different types of bearing with a typical application for each one. Seal: End face seals: This type of seal uses both rigid and flexible fundamentals that maintain contact at a sealing interface and slide on each other, allowing a rotating element to a pass through a sealed case. The elements are hydraulically and mechanically loaded with a spring or other device to maintain contact. In general the end face seal is sealed to the pump end plate by a gasket or O- ring and also the rotating seal face runs against the stationary seat (the opposing surface lapped to high degree of flatness). An end face mechanical seal, also known as a mechanical face seal but usually simply as a mechanical seal, is a type of seal utilised in rotating equipment, such as pumps and compressors. Packing: O-ring: Is a packing and it is also known as tonic joint, it is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus. It has a cross-section with a disc-shaped; it is also a loop of elastomer. O-rings are one of the most common seals used in machine design because they are inexpensive and easy to make, reliable, and have simple mounting requirements. They can seal tens of megapascals (thousands of psi) pressure. An O-ring is basically defined by its section diameter and the inner diameter of the O-Ring. O rings have many advantageous features including Low cost suit static dynamic duties space efficient seals in both directions fluid pressure assists sealing Suitable for all fluids-using appropriate elastomers. Two different types of bearings: Plain bearing: In general plain bearing have rubbing surfaces usually with lubricants. The stiffness of plain bearing are Good, provided wear is low, but some slack is normally present. It also has a very low speed to a very high sleep. Plain bearing is the simplest type of bearing, widely used, relatively high friction, suffers from stiction in some applications. Some bearings use pumped lubrication and behave similarly to fluid bearings. At high speeds life can be very short. Rolling-element bearing: A rolling-element rotary bearing uses a shaft in a much larger hole, and cylinders called rollers tightly fill the space between the shaft and hole. As the shaft turns, each roller acts as the logs in the above example. Yet, since the bearing is round, the rollers never fall out from under the load. A rolling-element bearing is a bearing which carries a load by placing round elements between the two pieces. The relative motion of the pieces causes the round elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little sliding. It is the earliest and best-known rolling-element bearings are sets of logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top. As the stone is pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction. As each log comes out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then rolls on to it. Activity 4: Describe two different types of screwed fasting and two different types of rivet giving a typical application for each one. Two different types of screwed fasting: Bolts and Nuts: Bolts and nuts can be made from steel, brass, aluminum alloys and plastic. There are all sorts of bolts and nuts with different sizes for example: M6x25 high tensile bolt BZP M2 full not zinc The above metric blots and nuts and specified as steel. The specifications for bolts and nuts: Example: M8x1.550: M specifies that it is metric. The number next to the letter M which is 8 specifies the diameter in millimeters. 1.5 specifies the tread pitch in millimeters. 50 specifies the length of the shank in millimeters. There are other bolts for example: Tap bolt A bolt that is threaded all the way to the head. Eye bolt A bolt with a looped head. Toggle bolt A bolt with a special nut known as a wing. It is designed to be used where there is no access to side of the material where the nut is located. Usually the wing is spring loaded and expands after being inserted into the hole. The strength of the bolts Can be identified by reading the numbers stamped on the head of the bolts, these are referred to the grad of the bolt used in certain applications with the strength of the bolt. High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an International Organization for Standardization(ISO) strength rating stamped on the head. Studs and nuts: Studs: Road studs: These are generally used on hard surfaces, such as roads or very had ground. They are normally 4 to 6 sided, small and flat in size and blunt. Ice studs: these are also designed for use on hard surfaces, but generally have a longer, sharper point than road studs, to provide traction on slippery surfaces. Grass studs: are also known as bullet studs , they come in many different lengths but are always larger and shaper than road studs and generally narrow so they can dig into hard, dry ground. Mud Studs: are used on extremely soft or wet riding surfaces where deep traction is needed. They are bigger thanRoad Studsbut often rounded on top and come in several different lengths.Mud Studscan also be square in shape, known asBlock Studs.SomeMud Studsare knownasOlympic Studs*which are long and sharp and used for extremely slippery ground Two different types of rivets: Blind rivets. These types of blind rivets have non-locking mandrels and are avoided for critical structural joints because the mandrels may fall out, due to vibration or other reasons, leaving a hollow rivet that will have a significantly lower load carrying capability than solid rivets. In addition, because of the mandrel they are more horizontal to failure from corrosion and vibration. A drive rivet: A drive rivet is an appearance of blind rivet that has a little mandrel protruding from the head that is driven in with a hammer to flicker out the end inserted in the hole. This is usually used to rivet wood panels into place since the hole does not need to be drilled all the way through the panel, producing a beautiful pleasing appearance. They can also be used with plastic, metal, Other materials and require no special setting tool other than a hammer and possibly a backing block. P5-Decribe the operation of two different types of cam and followers and two different types of linage mechanism. Two different types of cam and followers: Cam followers are comparable to needle or cylindrical roller bearings with a thick-walled external ring. The crowned outer surface of the outer ring prevents border stresses if the roller runs in a twisted or inclined location. They are grease full ready-to-mount units appropriate for all types of cam drives, tracks and conveyor systems. In its place of an inner ring cam followers have a hard threaded pin to permit the cam follower to be quickly and easily attached to the machine mechanism by means of a hexagonal nut. Axial guidance is provided through an essential flange on the external ring at the top of the pin and a side. Cam followers are obtainable in three different internal designs. Usually, the cam followers have concentric seating on the pin, but some are also accessible with a strange collar shrunk on to the stud. Cam follower bearings with collar allow an optimum interaction with the cam and allow fewer stringent developed tolerances for the mechanism. Two different types of linkage mechanism: A mechanical linkage is a sequence of rigid links linked through joints to shape a closed series, or a series of closed chains. Every linkage has two or more joints, and the joints have a variety of degrees of freedom to allow movement between the relations. A linkage is called a mechanism if two or more links are movable with respect to a fixed link. Four-bar linkage mechanisms: The four-bar linkage is one more mechanism which finds general uses. It is establish in applications such as windscreen wiper drives, Vehicle suspension units and Everyday uses such as the hinges on kitchen cupboard doors and squeeze-mop mechanisms. Two of the links spin about fixed centers and are connected by a coupler linkage. The fourth link is shaped by the frame or bed plate that contains the permanent centers of rotary motion. It must be noted that the number of inversion of machinery is equal to the number of links, which in this case is four links. Reverse motion linkage. As the top bar moves to the left the base bar moves to the right. The bars move in reverse directions. an additional way of describing this linkage is the direction of movement in one bar is reversed in the other rod. The fixed pivot is the centre of rotation. (P6): describe the arrangement and operation of Two different kinds of belt drive: Flat belts: Flat belts are used mostly for transmitting light tons. Since they are flexible, this makes them appropriate for applications where there is some misalignment among shafts; they possibly will be crossed to give opposition directions of turning round to the pulleys. They can also be twisted to attach shaft which are not in the same plane. Vee belts: Vee belts (also recognized as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage and arrangement problem. It is currently the essential belt for power transmission. They offer the best mixture of grip, pace of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are usually continuous, and their common cross-section shape is trapezoidal. The V shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the effect that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to hold into the groove as the load increases the larger the load, the larger the wedging action improving torque transmission and making the vee belt an helpful solution, needing less width and tension than flat belts. Two different kinds of chain drive: A chain is a method of transferring rotary motion between two parallel shafts. The chain drive is positive, efficient and high torques can be transmitted. The chain is generally made from steel although plastic chains have been developed. Roller Chain: Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain most frequently used for transmission of mechanical power on bicycles, motorcycles, and in industrial and agricultural machinery. It is a straightforward, dependable, and efficient means of power transmission. Two different kinds of gear train. Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system that consists of one or more external gears, or planet mechanism, rotating about a central, or sun gear. Typically, the planet gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems may also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes with the planet gears. (P7): Describe the arrangement and operation of: Two different kinds of transmission shaft Power transmission shafts are mainly used in two wheeler and four wheeler vehicles. These shafts consist of metal joint elements and a metal pipe connected to each other. To provide more rigidity to shafts, a plastic pipe is inserted into metal pipe thus forming a composite power transmission shaft having more strength and rigidity. Automotive transmission shafts are especially designed and used in two wheelers as well as four wheelers. These shafts are integral hollow type shafts that maintain a perfect balance between static strength and fatigue strength. Two different types of Couplings: Shaft couplings are used in machinery for several purposes, the most common ones are: To provide for the connection of shafts of units those are manufactured separately such as a motor and generator and to provide for disconnection for repairs or alternations. To provide for misalignment of the shafts or to introduce mechanical flexibility. To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another. Rigid Slip Couplings: This type of coupling has no flexibility; therefore it is necessary for the shafts that aretobe connected to be in good alignment, both laterally and angularity, in order excessive loadson the coupling, on the shafts, or on the shaft bearings.Rigid couplings do not accommodate misalignment and consequently should not be usedindiscriminately. Types of Rigid Couplings: Sleeve or muff coupling: It is the simplest type of rigid coupling, made of cast iron. Itconsists of a hollow cylinder whose innerdiameter is the same as that of the shaft. It is fitted over the ends of the two shafts by means of a gibhead key. Clamp coupling: Clamp coupling is sometimes called a compression coupling or a ribbed coupling. Clamp coupling is a modification and an improvement of the sleeve coupling. This coupling is made in two parts which are machined to fit the shaft and are finished off around the periphery and on both ends. Flange coupling: A flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two separate cast iron flanges. Each flange is mounted on the shaft end and keyed to it. The faces are turned up at right angle to the axis of the shaft. Two different kinds of clutch: Dog clutch: is a type ofclutchthat couples two turning shafts or other rotating mechanism not byfrictionbut by interference. The two parts of the clutch are designed such that one will push the other, causing both to rotate at the same speed and will never slip. Dog clutches are used inside manual automotive transmissions to lock different gears to the rotating input and output shafts. Cone clutch: serves the same purpose as a disk or plateclutch. However, instead of mating two spinning disks, the cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque by friction. The cone clutch transfers a higher torque than plate or disk clutches of the same size due to the wedging action and increased surface area. Cone clutches are generally now only used in low peripheral speed applications although they were once common in automobiles and other combustion engine transmissions. Two different kinds of breaks: Disc brakes: are made of cast iron or ceramic composites. The use of these types of breaks ate to stop or slow the rotation of a wheel. Hydraulic brakes: use brake fluid, and normally containing ethylene glycol the reason for this is because to transfer pressure from the controlling unit and also to brake mechanism which is normally near the wheel. (P8): Describe with the aid of diagrams the general layout operation of a Pneumatic actuation system: Pneumatic systems provide a softer action and are also not able to deliver such large forces. Besides the disadvantages pneumatic systems have some advantages which are: Simplicity of Design and Control Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders other components. Control is as easy as it is simple ON OFF type control. Reliability Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very little maintenance. Because gas is compressible, the equipment is less likely to be damaged by shock. The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force, whereas the fluid of hydraulics directly transfers force. Storage Compressed Gas can be stored, allowing the use of machines when electrical power is lost. Safety Very low chance of fire (compared to hydraulic oil). Machines can be designed to be overload safe. The process of the pneumatic system that is shown above: The compressor receives filtered air form air filter and delivers through an after-cooler to the compressed air receiver. Then the air is distributed to different applications as well as the pneumatic cylinder. Pneumatic systems employ gas that is compressed under extremely high pressure. For some applications where the air must be perfectly dry, the system also contains a moisture separator. The practical use of pneumatics comes in putting that compressed gas to use, at its most basic level a pneumatic system holds compressed gas in a specially designed tank and then we release some of that gas into an expandable chamber. The expandable part of the chamber has a rod attached to it so that as it expands the rod moves outward. Hydraulic actuation systems: Air has a low density and is compressible at the same time as hydraulic oil has a much higher density and is almost incompressible. Therefore, hydraulic systems are capable to function at much advanced pressure and deliver the very huge positive forces which are necessary in applications such as hydraulic presses and lifts. Hydraulic actuation system has advantages which are listed below: Advantages of hydraulics Liquid (as a gas is also a fluid) does not absorb any of the supplied energy. Capable of moving much higher loads and providing much higher forces due to the incompressibility. The hydraulic working fluid is basically incompressible, leading to a minimum ofspringaction. When hydraulic fluid flow is stopped, the slightest motion of the load releases the pressure on the load; there is no need to bleed off pressurized air to release the pressure on the load. The process of the Hydraulic actuation systems that is shown above: The system has motor-driven pump which draws filtered oil from the tank and distributes it through a pressure regulator to the positions where it is necessary. The pump runs constantly and the excess oil which is not necessary for procedures is diverted back to the tank by the pressure regulator. It must be noted that the organization generally supplies a relatively little work area in the locality of the pump and tank. It is not realistic to provide oil under pressure over large distances for the reason that of pressure drop and the need for a return pipe. A manual or automatic control valve supplies oil to the actuation cylinder and directs return oil to the reservoir. A mechanical handling system: The transfer of material, components and assemblies through the manufacturing stages often takes position on roller or belt conveyors. Mechanical handling has a broad variety of handling. Lifting gear used in developing business is broad and in some cases it is extremely meticulous. The roller conveyer is most expected the easiest form where manufactured goods are passed among work stations along a track having rollers. Materials are regularly shifted through a motor-driven belts conveyer. The belts are from frequently maintained on concave roller so that is falls in the center. (P9): Describe with the aid of diagrams the general layout and operation of Steam power generation plant: Though the main process in steam power station is the conversion of heat energy into electrical energy, it comprises of many steps for its proper working and good efficiency. The whole arrangement of a steam power station could be divided into following steps: The steam generating plant consist of boiler and its auxiliary equipments for the utilisation of flue gases. Boiler: The heat produced by the burning of coal in the boiler is used to produce steam at high temperature and pressure. The flue gases produced at the time of combustion is passed through the super heater, economiser, air- preheater and finally exhausted into the atmosphere through chimney. Super Heater: The steam produced in the boiler has got moisture content so it is dried and superheated (i.e. steam temperature is increased above boiling point of water)by the flue gases on the way to chimney. Super heating ensures two benefits at first the overall efficiency of the system is increased and secondly the corrosion to the turbine blades due to condensation in later stages is prevented. The superheated steam from superheater is fed to steam turbine by means of a main valve. Air preheater: Air preheater increases the temperature of the air supplied to coal for combustion using flue gases. Air is drawn in using a forced draught fan and is passed through preheater before supplying it to the boiler. This process increases the thermal efficiency and steam capacity per square meter of the boiler surface. Steam Turbine: The dry and super heated steam from superheater is fed to the turbine by means of a main valve. Due to the striking or reaction impact of the steam on the blades of turbine it starts rotating i.e. heat energy is converted to mechanical energy. After giving heat energy to the turbine the steam is exhausted to a condenser which condenses the exhausted steam by means of a cold water circulation. Alternator: The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator; the alternator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The electrical output is transferred to the bus bars through transformer, circuit breaker and isolators. Feed Water: The condensed water produced in the condenser is used as feed water, some amount of water may be lost in the cycle but it is compensated using an external source and the cycle repeats and gives a better efficiency to the system. Cooling Arrangement: Inorder to increase the efficiency of the plant the steam coming from the turbine is condensed using a condenser. The water circulation for cooling steam in condenser is take from a natural source like river, stream etc and the out coming hot water from condenser is discharged in some lower portion of the water source. In scarcity of water the water from the condenser is cooled and reused with the help of a cooling tower. Refrigeration system: There are several heat transfer loops in a refrigeration system as shown above. Thermal energy moves from left to right as it is extracted from the space and expelled into the outdoors through five loops of heat transfer: Indoor air loop. In the left loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air fan through cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The cool air then cools the building space. Chilled water loop. Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chillers evaporator to be re-cooled. Refrigerant loop. Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chillers compressor pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water. Condenser water loop. Water absorbs heat from the chillers condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower. Cooling tower loop. The cooling towers fan drives air across an open flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the outdoors. There are two fundamental types of refrigeration system. They are the; Vapour-compression system The vapour-absorption system. The two types are used for commercial purposes and domestic refrigerators and the two of them work on the standard that when a liquid vanishes, it takes in concealed heat from its surroundings. The liquids used in refrigerators and freezers are called refrigerants. They are made to evaporate at a temperature below 0 degrees Celsius and in doing so; they take in latent heat and maintain the cold space at a sub-zero temperature. A refrigerant must have a low freezing point so that it does not solidify or form slush in the low temperature part of the refrigeration cycle. Also it should have a high value for its latent heat of vaporisation to maximise the transfer of heat energy during the cycle. Compression refrigeration cycles take advantage of the fact that highly compressed fluids at a certain temperature tend to get colder when they are allowed to expand. If the pressure change is high enough, then the compressed gas will be hotter than our source of cooling (outside air, for instance) and the expanded gas will be cooler than our desired cold temperature. In this case, fluid is used to cool a low temperature environment and reject the heat to a high temperature environment. Vapour compression refrigeration cycles have two advantages. First, a large amount of thermal energy is required to change a liquid to a vapor, and therefore a lot of heat can be removed from the air-conditioned space. Second, the isothermal nature of the vaporization allows extraction of heat without raising the temperature of the working fluid to the temperature of whatever is being cooled. This means that the heat transfer rate remains high, because the closer the working fluid temperature approach es that of the surroundings, the lower the rate of heat transfer. An air condition system: An Air-condition system is the full automatic control of the indoor atmosphere to maintain comfortable and healthy conditions. Its objective is to provide clean, fresh air at a temperature and humidity level that is comfortable to the occupants. The essential ingredients in an air conditioning system are a fan to blow air around, a cold surface to cool and dehumidify the air, a warm surface and a source of water vapour. In a large system there will also be a tangle of tubes to distribute the air and collect it again. Notice that the cold surface has two independent jobs to do: it is used to cool the air and it is also used to dehumidify, by condensing water from the air. Advantages of Pneumatic systems over Hydraulic systems: Extremely cheaper then hydraulic systems. The force transmitter, air, is freely available. Cleaner systems as air leakage do not create a mess. Due to high pressure Hydraulic oil becomes very hot after continuous use. It can cause injury/burns if someone comes in contact with it. Usually has open circuits and we dont have to worry about the return circuit. (D1): Justify the use of shell tellus oil 27 lubricant and the splash lubrication system in the lathe machines in the college machine shop: Shell tellus oil 27and 37 lubricants: Shell Tellus Oils oil 27 are premium quality hydraulic oils generally acknowledged to be the standard-setter in the field of engineering hydraulic and fluid power lubrication. Shell tellus oil 27 has high lubrication properties and excellent low friction characteristics in hydraulic systems operating at low or high speed. Prevents stick-slip problems in critical applications enabling very fine control of machinery.Because of the reasons mentioned above shell tellus oil 27 is rated one of the best lubricant for lathe machine. Shell Tellus Oil 37 is an improved version of shell tellus oil 27. Shell Tellus Oi

sleeping at the wheel :: essays research papers

Sleeping At the Wheel The dangers of sleepiness when driving. Sleepiness affects the ability to concentrate and maintain attention and vigilance particularly when physically inactive. These effects may expose the sleepy individual to potentially dangerous consequences, particularly in sedentary and monotonous situations such as while driving a vehicle. Sleepiness is a major contributing factor to road traffic accidents. Studies of motorway accidents indicate that 20 to 25% appear to be due to drivers falling asleep at the wheel and are these are particularly likely to occur in the early morning or mid afternoon. Accidents in which the driver has fallen asleep tend to be particularly serious because of the lack of reaction of the driver to the impending collision. Furthermore, sleepy drivers report a high incidence of near-misses on the road while driving, which suggests that they have an awareness of the driving risks related to sleepiness short of being involved in an actual collision. A Gallup poll carried out by the British Sleep Foundation found that 19% of male drivers admitted to having fallen asleep while driving . Occupations such as long-haul truck driving are particularly associated with sleepiness while driving which may not be surprising given the time they spend on the road. These findings are particularly worrying because of the likelihood of a fatal accident where a large truck driven by a driver who falls asleep is involved. Many spectacular multiple vehicle collisions that have occurred on motorways have been traced to drivers falling asleep at the wheel. US government figures indicate that 31% of lorry accidents in which the driver is killed are due to sleepiness. Avoiding sleeping at the wheel. All drivers should be made aware of the serious dangers of driving when sleepy and should take active measures to minimise the risks. Drivers should not start out at all if they are sleepy. Overnight drives are a particular danger and every effort should be made to have a sleep before setting out. If a driver becomes sleepy at the wheel they should stop and ideally another driver should take over. If this is impossible they should rest and take a nap. Research has shown that a short (10 - 20 minutes) nap can be refreshing in this situation. Indeed if one has to drive on, the best measure may be to stop, have a cup of a caffeine containing drink and then a 20 minute nap.

Napoleon Bonaparte, a Man of War

Napoleon Bonaparte rise to power was because of his strong army he formed and his strategy for winning wars however his fall came when he went to Russia intending to defeat them but lost. Napoleon’s policies were to ensure freedom and equality for the people and to give the people the education they needed. Napoleon Bonaparte was born Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica, August 15, 1769. He was a small child, and often was teased by his classmates when he was enrolled in military college at a very early age in 1777, and it is believed that this influenced the determination he had to win later in life.Later, he went to Ecole Militaire (also known as military school) from 1784 to 1785. Also in 1785, he graduated with the rank of second lieutenant. Great things were expected of Napoleon. However, no one could have guessed that he would go on to make history. Napoleon was a rising star in the French military. A general at the age of 27, he had won the admiration of France thanks to his leadership, military talents, and personal talents. Yet his talents lay not in originality but in his stunningly innovative adaptations of military strategies and tactics developed in the eighteenth century and during the Revolution.While in the military, he won many battles over Austria. In 1795, the people of France tired of the Reign of Terror, revolted, executing many leaders of the Terror. The Directory took power. On Napoleon's return to France, he found that many people were very dissatisfied with the Directory. With the support of his troops, he overthrew them and became France's new dictator, naming himself First Consul for life. The votes of the public approved of this move. He was determined to succeed in life. His first real military action was a great success.He was captain of artillery during the siege of Toulon, where he captured several important strongholds, and forced the retreat of British naval fleets. He became Brigadier General while campaigning in Italy, but was arrested and jailed there for being an associate of the brother of the executed Maxamillion Robespierre. After getting out of jail, he continued on to achieve even more military greatness. Napoleon strategy in winning wars was brilliant. When he confronted an army stretched out before him, skilled marksmen threw the opponent’s advance forces into disarray and assessed the opposing army’s weakest point.The concentration of deadly artillery fire- Napoleon once referred to the twelve-pound cannons as his beautiful daughters-prepared the war for the assault of the infantry columns. The speed of his army’s movement was such that he could rapidly attack and defeat part of an enemy army before reinforcements could arrive. Napoleon’s genius was his ability to organize, oversee and assure the supplying of and communication between larger armies than had ever before been effectively assembled, and to move them more rapidly than anyone before him. All of his success earned him a dictator of France.As a dictator Napoleon made many reforms to France. Napoleon was influenced by the Enlightenment which made him believe that the church should not have an institutional role in the affairs of state. He said that society cannot exist without some being richer than others and this inequality cannot exist without religion. No papal bull could be read in France’s church without permission of the government; the clergy would have to read official government decrees from the pulpit. Under Napoleon, the church gained the freedom of religious practice, but at the expense of some of its independence.Napoleon also gave freedom of religion. Napoleon granted Protestants and Jews state protection to practice their religion. An article of the concordat guaranteed freedom of worship for people in both religions. Also Napoleon created a new social hierarchy based not on blood but on service to the state, particularly in the army and bureaucracy and on ownership of property. Napoleon also established the Bank of France in 1800 which facilitated the state’s ability to borrow money. He followed the Directory’s policy of abandoning the grossly inflated paper money of the Revolution, which stabilized France’s currency.He facilitated the assessment and collection of taxes, ordering a land survey of the entire country upon which direct taxes were to be based. And he expanded the number of indirect taxes collected on salt, tobacco, and liquor, as well as on goods brought into any town of over 5,000 inhabitants. Education also became a huge priority for Napoleon because in a country in which about half the population was illiterate, he believed that schools could create patriotic and obedient citizens through teaching secular values that would ultimately link education to nationalism.In 1802, Napoleon established state secondary schools called lycees, thirty-seven of which were operating six years later, for the rela tively few boys who went beyond primary school. Students read only textbooks approved by the emperor and in 1808, he created France’s first public university system. Education became seen as a value in itself, as well as a means of social ascension. After a while, Napoleon created the Napoleonic Code. This code made the rights of property owners sacrosanct. The code, over 2000 articles long, enshrined the equality of all people before the law and the freedom of religion.The subsequent Penal Code of 1810 proclaimed the freedom to work that forbade associations of workers’ associations. Many of the policies had positive effects on the country however they had negative side effects on the people and the economy. Great Britain alone was one of the strongest forces in the defeat of Napoleon. On land, Napoleon was successful against the British, but on sea the British controlled every estuary. Great Britain also created the Orders of Council, which ordered neutral nations no t to trade with France.This was much more effective than Napoleon’s Continental System because Great Britain controlled the seas. Napoleon had many problems that were unrelated to the Quadruple Alliance. When he issued the Decrees of Berlin and Milan, Portugal was not happy because they wanted to trade with Britain. To subdue Portugal, French troops had to cross Spain. Soon troops were forced to occupy Spain as well as Portugal. When the Spanish revolted, Napoleon appointed his brother Joseph as Monarch. The Spanish found this to be very disrespectful to have a foreign ruler appointed, and thus fought with even greater passion and desire.Assisting the Spaniards in ultimately freeing themselves from Napoleon’s control was the English army under the command of Arthur. Wellesley was later made the Duke of Wellington, where he would take an even more major role in Napoleon’s defeat. This war with Spain, based on a rise of nationalism, was the beginning of the end fo r Napoleon. There were also many more problems with rebellions by Austria and Russia. Alexander I of Russia broke his Alliance with Napoleon, due to Russia’s failing economy. This led to Napoleon suffering what is considered to be his worst defeat ever when he went to war with Russia.This defeat was largely due to the French being pushed by the Russians towards the torched city of Moscow. Here they froze, starved or were killed in battle. This defeat encouraged other countries to try for victory. Although allied nations did combine to inflict another defeat for Napoleon at the battle of Leipzig in 1813, it must be noted that the Quadruple Alliance was not officially established at this time and there were many other influences that led to Napoleon’s decline. Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo was not determined because of he Quadruple Alliance, but rather it was due to tactical mistakes on behalf of Napoleon. Napoleon made the mistake of entrusting his armies to inferior generals such as Ney, who had no real education, and Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy, who lacked the charismatic spirit that Napoleon’s men needed before battle. He also made the mistake of underestimating his opponents. Napoleon’s health was also to blame for his defeat. At Waterloo he suffered an array of aliments such as stomach pains, and pneumonia. His actions were sluggish; he was slow in issuing commands, and responding to messages.While Napoleon misjudged his opponents, Wellington did not. Wellington had fought against Napoleon before, and was a master of defensive tactics. Ney made many mistakes in the battle, his worst being sending his cavalry to attack hastily, unsupported by infantry. They were slaughtered within minutes. Despite the surprise attack by the Prussians and organization of the Quadruple Alliance helping defeat Napoleon at Waterloo, the British would still have defeated Napoleon due to his own personal doubts, faults and downfall .In conclusion, Napoleon’s rise to power was clouded his mind that he failed to realize the possibilities of defeat. Napoleon was lethargic and this was the reason why he fell from power. However, Napoleon can be seen as a great lieutenant. His military talents led him to many victories. His victories led him to become a dictator of France who influenced the French. Napoleon was a strong man and despite his ambiguity, he is considered a man of war.

Liberty vs responsibility

Liberty v/s Responsibility Liberty is the most valued and sought after outcome of any political society. It is a mark of a productive and prosperous society where people enjoy a set of fundamental rights for e. g. :- right to free speech, fair trial, etc. On the other hand social responsibility towards others and oneself unites the community and increases social well-being. Various political philosophers have come up with different ways to prioritize one over the other and some have believed to strike a balance between the two.This leads to an interesting political debate that at what point we draw a line etween liberty and responsibility, where in we have maximum liberty and minimum responsibility. In this paper I assert the libertarian political thought which resolves this debate by striking a fine balance between liberty and responsibility. To support my argument, I apply the ideas of John Locke who was a 17th century classical liberal philosopher (for first reason) and much of li bertarian political thought is inspired from his works. For second reason I apply the ideas of libertarian philosopher Friedrich Hayek.Towards the end I discuss the principles of libertarianism which clearly address this conflict. The first reason is the primary reason why people have desire to loot or plunder and that reason is scarcity. Scarcity is also the main reason why we have to follow a set of rules and act responsibly. If there were no scarcity, then there would be a surplus of goods and resources for everyone and any person's wishes and desires would be fulfilled no matter how unlimited they were and his/her actions would have no consequence on anybody else. But we do live in a world where there is scarcity and that cannot be avoided.So, we have to interact and exchange goods with one another and that involves a set of rules for social conduct. In this context, John Locke believed in the rightful accumulation of property (scarce good) by mixing labor with natural resources (Nozick 175). He didn't believe in accumulation of property via coercion, fraud or theft. As far as the extent of accumulation is concerned he believed that too much property should not be consumed that very little is left for others because that would hinder someone else's right to accumulation of private property.Nozick had given this a term â€Å"Lockean Proviso† (Nozick 175). Applying the Lockean proviso to the conflict between liberty and responsibility, in the presence of carcity, there has to be a certain set of responsibilities that people need to fulfill (mentioned above, Locke called them â€Å"natural laws† (Korab)) mainly including the one where they don't over-consume resources so that less is left for others and at the same time enjoy the liberties granted by the social contract. It's important to note that the responsibilities are optimum that if there are more or less responsibilities there will be less to no liberty.The second reason is that responsib ility is important for liberty to exist is that it encourages good decision making by making people accountable for their actions. Friedrich Hayek in his book â€Å"Constitution of Liberty' said that a free society depends more than any other on people being held responsible for their actions (â€Å"American Spectator†) Applying his idea, in lite it one is awarded tor achieving a set ot goals by the proper use of resources he/she was provided with, then that person should also not be helped and made to suffer the consequences of making a bad decision.In the long term, this suffering will help him make better decisions. Additionally, if the person doesn't suffer the consequences, he/she will develop a propensity for xcessive risk taking which wouldn't be good for the society. Another implication of not taking responsibility is that someone else ends up taking responsibility for it and then that person has a right to curb the latter's freedom. For e. g. :- if the government de cides to bailout a firm which didn't make right decisions, then the government will force the company to take some hard decisions which might go against the interests of the people in that company.So, learning to take responsibility from bad choices increases self-ownership and thereby upholds one's liberty. It also improves one-self hich is always beneficial towards society. Libertarianism has two main principles: the non-aggression principle and the preservation of individual rights and private property (â€Å"Libertarianism†). According to Libertarianism these are the only two responsibilities the person owes to other people in the community. He/she ought not to show aggression and encroach upon any other person's rights in the community.Any responsibility more than that comes at the cost of liberty. Based on the reasons that I gave, Libertarianism strikes a fine balance between liberty and responsibility by not placing laws that achieve a specific outcome unlike a eviatha n government. At the sane times the laws that it places are minimal and only lead to a further expansion of liberty among all. One doesn't want too many laws because that leads to a powerful government where there is no liberty and one also can't manage not having any laws because scarcity and greed will lead to a state of war of â€Å"one against all†.Libertarianism gives a solution that is somewhere between those two extremes. To conclude, libertarianism believes in the importance of individual liberty which can be found in the fundamental rights that people enjoy and duties/responsibilities hich people are obligated to follow. It's important for fundamental duties to exist because without which liberty won't exist. However, responsibility wouldn't have any meaning in the absence of liberty and that it derives its existence from the presence of the latter.

Role of media in building customer relatioship Essay Example

Role of media in building customer relatioship Essay Example Role of media in building customer relatioship Essay Role of media in building customer relatioship Essay Assignment New Media Role One responsibility of the media to ensure a fair and accurate information and impartial reporting system. A set of codes of conduct is necessary to maintain professional standards and media. Everyone in the organization must satisfy the rule with a sense of responsibility, equality and responsibility. Information ethics is not just a question of values written by the broadcasters, should be practiced in their daily operations Obviously the new media plays a vital role in todays arrays which involves online marketing , social media , blobbing and any other medium that is elated to internet . Now a days people are very much attracted towards internet . In united states more than 60% of the people have been interacted towards this medium as they prefer their buying and selling through online medium . Any news that has been covered up they went on and log onto their social media forums and get aware of it. People are exaggerating their thoughts and desires in terms of this medium . Like the more they expand the more likely they are attracted towards it in terms of their knowledge , shopping, entertainment and getting some vast information whats going on. Now if we talk about Globalizes community networks and self-determined, which is similar to what we do in real life. People in communities exchange happiness and argue, participate , conduct commerce, and to develop plans, brainstorming, gossip, and the creation of high art little or a lot of talk make the computer a second car, find a soul in the machine, and can replace human relationship The new media has the potential of interacting with other like-minded in all parts of the world. While this approach implies that the unit technology and therefore a factor In the recess of globalization, and frowned arguments relating to technological is generally the medias main studio focus instead on academics multiplicity of processes funded technology, researched at work, forming a feedback loop when techniques are used and often transformed by the user, which is then placed in the routing process of development in the future. Traditional Media However traditional media has its own impact in connecting with the people and it is still playing a crucial role in todays array . It has the ability to reach millions of people at a time and having a great impact in the society. Television and Radio became influential in peoples daily life and work, affecting the content and audience time to watch and listen. This media has at least three important role to play: to inform, to educate and to influence opinion. The unique characteristics of traditional media is being challenged by new media, which is changing the habits of audience participation. Published on TV and Radio having a strong influence on the people . It enables people to participate in the event and interact with the community over a long stance. One only needs to think of democratic elections, World Cup soccer and royal wedding to appreciate the intensity with which people can share these events. TV, radio and newspapers bring the outside world into our homes. The broadcast time of the program set out routine of life indoors. Their content gives viewers and listeners with something to talk about for days. Traditional media has served as a colleague as well as a valuable source of information for the audience. Limitation and Advantages New media should extend collaboration with its various mediums in order to ensure hat it does create some good impact over the people in terms of its relations and having a longer building relationship. For a stronger customer relationship reaching the stations broadcast is limited by the reference group, while the online broadcast coverage is available elsewhere on the Internet is available. There are no limits. It is traditional broadcast media for free. Then pay TV came along to change the model by entering the narrow paying customers. Internet has taken a narrow step further by targeting small groups and individuals. TV networks are now eager to create the site to help with the loss of removal audience. And online media are having a hard time differentiating themselves from their competitors. Because of this, the media sites are becoming aware of the brand to incite the masses to find each other. Yahoo and Google working with news agencies set up to provide news and information to its users. Brands with reputable agencies helps to enhance the image of credibility and trust. On the negative side, often consigned local content for local audiences to take a back seat. It requires accountability. All this emphasizes the need for the media to communicate clearly and evenly in a timely manner, and access to stakeholders. It also makes it more important for the technology and techniques that can be used effectively for new ones. Promotion of capacity building through training and workshops to upgrade the expertise of professionals in the RTFM. Professionalism in the station plays a major role in resistance to external influences. Also, consideration should be given to hire external expertise known to be punctual.

The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essays

The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essays The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essay The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essay Essay Topic: Ecosystems Humans play an important role in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural habitats. Such areas are managed to prevent succession, conserve rare species and try to improve species richness. This conservation is putting to good use the country resources for amenity and recreation. Semi-natural ecosystems have many important values, including economic, environmental, wildlife, archival and heritage. Without human activities the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems would more than likely decrease in response to succession, agricultural processes, including nutrient enrichment, and to atmospheric pollution. Human activities aim to maintain natural ecosystems, traditional landscapes, high biodiversity and target species and community types. Many man-made habitats have improved species richness and had positive inputs to the environment. These include chalk and limestone quarries, gravel pits and inland waters, and the building of canals. In the UK many different semi-natural habitats are targeted and maintained by human activity. These include, the management of fens, moorland conservation, woodland conservation and grassland mangement. Fens are rare habitats in the UK, with many containing a variety of habitats including woodland and wet and dry habitats. Rare Schoeno-Junctum is supported by the habitat. Fen habitat hosts many rare bird species, including the Reed bunting. Many fen habitats are fragmented, making them unstable, and they are easily damaged by drainage, nutrient enrichment and cessation of traditional habitat regimes, and are completely lost with reclamation. However, conservation management of fen is relatively inexpensive and simple. It is the low fertility of fen soils that keeps their biodiversity high. It is essential, therefore that nutrient enrichment does not occur, or biodiversity will decrease, as dominant species will out compete the rarer sepcies. An example of the negative effects of nutrient enrichment on fens can be seen at Crymlyn bog Fen. Oil leaked from a near by power station and all the species near by were killed. The further away from the spillage, the greater the biodiversity of the area gets, correlating to decreased nutrient inputs from the oil. Agricultural practices nearby to fen and land reclamation for farming also threaten fens (Boyer and Wheeler, 1989). A relationship between species richness and vegetation production also exists for fens. Productive vegetation is invariably species poor. It is for all the above reasons that human mangement of fens is essential for their survival. Wheeler and Shaw (1994) examined the relationship between species richness and soil fertility across a large number of fens, split into subsets of summer-managed and unmanaged vegetation, using linear regressions. The results suggest that; in unmanaged vegetation, species richness is negatively related to fertility. When vegetation is managed, the species-richness can be just as great in nutrient-rich sites as in nutrient-poor sites and that the number of rare fen species tends to be smaller in more fertile conditions, even when the vegetation is managed. For these reasons, management of nutrient rich systems can support high biodiversity, but few rare species and in low fertility systems, little or no management is needed to preserve high biodiversity. However, some management is required and these human activities maintain the biodiversity of the fen. Species-richness of fen vegetation is related to above ground crop mass, which can be strongly influenced by management regimes. Summer managed fens in the UK have a greater number of rare species and overall species, than do unmanaged fens. Fens are also managed to prevent seral development into fen woodland, which hosts fewer species than fen. Once fen develops into fen woodland it cannot be converted back and therefore its succession needs to be prevented. Fen management by human activity generally involves grazing. Thomas et al (1981) showed that in the Ouse Washes, Cambridge, increased grazing was associated with an increase in botanical diversity. There is also evidence that grazed fens can be richer in birds than ungrazed fens. Two Loch Lomondside fens in Scotland demonstrate this. Crom Mhin, consists of more plant species and hosts more bird species then Aber bogs, with less plant and bird species. The Norfolk Broadland forms the largest area of lowland fen in Britain, containing a large variety of plant species. Parts of the broadland fens are maintained by human cropping activities in the area, for the two main crops, reed and sedge, that are both used for thatching. Reed is mown in winter, usually every year, or every second year. Reed is deciduous so harvesting removes dead material. Sedge is mown every summer, usually on a 3-5 year rotation. Harvesting removes biomass during the growing season and has a big impact on the character of vegetation. Wheeler and Giller (1982) examined the relationship between vegetation mangement and species richness and crop mass in broadland.

Confusing Spanish Words and How To Use Them Correctly

Confusing Spanish Words and How To Use Them Correctly Partly because Spanish and English have so many similarities, its tempting to think youll seldom find Spanish vocabulary confusing. But in fact, there are plenty of words that trip up Spanish students repeatedly. And they arent all false friends, words similar to their English counterparts that dont mean the same thing. Some are homophones (two or more different words that sound alike), some are words that are closely similar, and some can be blamed on the rules of grammar. If you want to avoid embarrassment or unnecessary confusion, here are some top candidates for words to learn: Ano vs. Aà ±o Ano and aà ±o dont sound alike. But those who dont know how to type an à ± (or are lazy) are often tempted to use an n instead in aà ±o, the word for year. Dont succumb to the temptation: Ano comes from the same Latin root as the English word anus and has the same meaning. Cabello vs. Caballo English speakers tend to be imprecise in their pronunciations, partly because some sounds, such as the ai in fountain, can be represented in writing by any vowel. But Spanish speakers, although they tend to pronounce consonants softly, are usually distinct with their vowels. So words such as cabello (hair, but collectively rather than as a single hair) and caballo (horse) arent thought of as sounding much alike. Caro vs. Carro Its easy for foreigners to mix up the r and rr - the former is usually a  flap of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, while the latter is a trill. Usually, reversing the sounds wont cause misunderstanding. But the difference between caro and carro is the difference between something expensive and a car, respectively. And, yes, you can have a carro caro. Cazar vs. Casar While there may be some who have gone hunting for a spouse, cazar (to hunt) and casar (to marry) arent related to each other even though they sound alike in Latin America. Cocer vs. Coser Another pair of verbs that sound alike in Latin America are cocer (to cook) and coser (to sew). Although they can both be homemaking tasks, they arent related. Dà ­a Although there are dozens of words ending in -a that break the main gender rule and so are masculine, dà ­a (day) is the most common. Embarazada If youre embarrassed and female, avoid the temptation to say youre embarazada, as the meaning of that adjective is pregnant. The most common adjective of embarrassment is avergonzado. Interestingly, embarazada (or the masculine form, embarazado) has been so often used as a mistranslation of embarrassed that that definition has been added to some dictionaries. Éxito Éxito is a word youll come across frequently- but it nothing to do with an exit. Its the best translation for success and can be used in many contexts. For example, a hit song or movie can be called an à ©xito. An exit is a salida. Gringo If someone calls you a gringo (feminine gringa), you might take it as an insult- or you might take it as a term of affection or as a neutral description. It all depends on where you are and the context. As a noun, gringo most often refers to a foreigner, especially someone who speaks English. But at times it can refer to any non-Spanish speaker, a British person, a resident of the United States, a Russian, someone with blond hair, and/or someone with white skin. Inhabitable In a sense, the Spanish inhabitable and the English inhabitable are the same word- both are spelled alike, and they come from a Latin word habitabilus, which meant suitable for habitation. But they have opposite meanings. In other words, the Spanish inhabitable means uninhabitable or not inhabitable. Yes, thats confusing. But its confusing only because English is confusing- habitable and inhabitable mean the same thing, and for the same reason flammable and imflammable have the same meaning. The situation came about because Latin had two prefixes spelled in-, one meaning inside and the other meaning not. You can see these meanings in words such as incarcerate (incarcerar) and incredible (increà ­ble), respectively. So with inhabitable the prefix in English has the inside meaning, and the identically spelled prefix in Spanish has the not meaning. Interestingly, once upon a time the English inhabitable meant not habitable. Its meaning shifted a few hundred years ago. Ir and Ser in the Preterite Tense Two of the most highly irregular verbs in Spanish are ir (to go) and ser (to be). Although the two verbs have different origins, they share the same preterite conjugation: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron. If you see one of those forms, the only way to know whether it comes from ir or ser is by context. Lima and Limà ³n You may have been taught that limà ³n is the word for lime and lima is the word for lemon- the opposite of what you might expect. While that is true for some Spanish speakers, the truth is that, depending on where you are, either Spanish term at times is used for  either fruit. And in some areas, limas and limones are seen as two similar fruits, both of which may be called lemons in English. In some places, limes arent commonly eaten (theyre native to Asia), so theres no universally understood word for them. In any case, this is one word that you are likely to have to ask the locals about. Mano Mano (hand) is the most common feminine noun that ends in -o. In fact, it is only such word in everyday use if you exclude occupational names (such as el piloto or la piloto for pilot), proper nouns, and a few shortened words such as la disco (short for la discoteca) and la foto (short for la fotografà ­a). Two other feminine nouns ending in -o are seo (cathedral) and nao (ship), but they get almost no use. Marida Most nouns ending in -o that refer to people refer to men, and the ending can be changed to -a to refer to women. So, of course, it makes sense that esposo, a common word for husband, has the feminine form esposa, meaning wife. It would be just as logical to assume that another word for husband, marido, would have corresponding term, marida, for wife. But, at least in standard Spanish, there is no noun marida. In fact, the usual phrase for husband and wife is marido y mujer, with mujer also being the word for woman. Although there may be some limited colloquial use for marida in some areas, its most common use is by foreigners who dont know better. Molestar and Violar To molest someone is a serious offense, but to molestar someone is merely to bother that person (although the phrase molestar sexualmente can have a meaning similar to the English word). An similar situation occurs with violar and violate, but in the other direction. Violar and violacià ³n typically refer to rape, although they can have a less severe meaning. In English violate and violation usually have a mild meaning, although they can refer to rape. In both languages, context makes all the difference. Papas and a Pap Spanish has four types of papa, although only the first two below are widely used. The first papa comes from Latin, while the others come from indigenous languages: A pope (the head of the Roman Catholic Church). The word normally shouldnt be capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence.In most of Latin America, a potato, which can also be a patata.In Mexico, a type of baby food or bland soup.In Honduras, a foolish woman. Also, pap is an informal word for father, sometimes the equivalent of daddy. Unlike the other papas, its stress or accent is on the second syllable. Por vs. Para There are perhaps no prepositions more confounding for Spanish students than por and para, both of which are frequently translated to English as for. See the lesson on por vs. para for full explanation, but the way-too-short version is that por is typically used to indicate the cause of something while para is used to indicate a purpose. Preguntar vs. Pedir Both preguntar and pedir are usually translated as to ask, but they dont mean the same thing. Preguntar refers to asking a question, while pedir is used in making a request. But dont feel bad if you get them mixed up: Spanish speakers learning English often get mixed up with question and doubt as nouns, saying I have a doubt rather than I have a question. Thats because the noun duda has both meanings. Sentar vs. Sentir In the infinitive form, sentar (to sit) and sentir (to feel) are easy to tell apart. The confusion comes when theyre conjugated. Most notably, siento can mean either I sit or I feel. Also, the subjunctive forms of one verb are often the indicative forms of the other. So when you come across verb forms such as sienta and sentamos, youll have to pay attention to the context to know which verb is being conjugated.

Credit Crunch Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Credit Crunch - Assignment Example The focus throughout this paper would be on assessing the response of Russia and India to combat the fallout of the global financial crisis as well as examining where they differed and why they differed. The emphasis of this paper is on seeking the underlying theory behind the responses from a macroeconomic perspective. It has been said that the rules of the game have changed after the onset of the global financial crisis and many have even said that it is the end of the world as we know it. This paper tries to understand the responses of Russia and India to the crisis from the unique perspective of the policy makers as presented in the sources that have been consulted for this paper. Russia’s Response to the GFC When examining Russia’s response to the global financial crisis, it would be pertinent to note that above all, the Russian economy is heavily dependent on exports of oil and this forms a significant percentage of the GDP for Russia. Since the Russian economy al so has a dual financial system, which consisted of one part serving the households and the other part serving the corporates and foreign markets, the Russian response were a twofold and two pronged calibrated one. This two pronged approach is explained further in the succeeding paragraphs. It needs to be mentioned that Russia was relatively â€Å"prepared† for the global financial crisis and hence it’s response to the crisis must be seen in this context (Sestanovich, 2008). On one hand, Russia opted for step-wise devaluation of its currency so as to bolster the real effective exchange rate. As mentioned above, since the Russian economy was heavily dependent on exports of oil, the exchange rate at which oil was exported had to be â€Å"adjusted† to take into account the fall in exports. Hence, the Rouble was devalued in a phased manner to make the necessary revaluation of the exchange rate so that the real rate at which oil was exported would be competitive to Ru ssian exporters of oil. The merits of a gradual depreciation of the Rouble as opposed to a one-off devaluation can be argued from the theoretical perspective of a steep fall in the value of a Rouble to a calibrated fall thus giving economic agents ample time to adjust their assets (Sutela, 2010). The second part of Russia’s response was to release the contingency fund or the reserve fund to support the financial system that was reeling under the impact of outflow of funds and which was dependent on foreign markets for business. The point to note here is that the debt held by these banks was mainly short term in nature; the reserve fund was never intended for longer term stabilization and was mainly geared towards softening the fall in fiscal revenue for the banks and the financial system. Further, the central bank could do little by way of monetary policy and it fell to the fiscal policy to support the financial system (Sutela, 2010). India’s Response to the GFC The In dian response to the Global Financial crisis was to provide stimulus and support to the economy by enacting three stimulus packages, one in December 2008 and two more in Jan and Feb of 2009. â€Å"The stimulus packages were also designed to rebuild confidence in the economy by: easing the

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class Assignment - 4

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class - Assignment Example Physical global marketing environment topic has given a concept and understanding of how to understand the physical environment while making global marketing decisions. After understanding the physical environment the lecturer moved us towards the understanding of PEST environment. This environment teaches us that how to conduct the analysis of overall environment when making an investment or starting a business. It gives the complete understanding of absorbing all these factors of business environment (Hewett & Bearden, 2001). From week 3 of the semester lecturer move us to give the real understanding of the global marketing and advertising. The topic we had covered was values and paradoxes in global marketing and advertisement. By this topic lecturer has developed a new frame of global marketing and advertising in the mind of all the students of the class. This topic teaches us the merits and demerits of globalizing the business along with the bright side and dark side of advertise ment in the international market. It found difficult to advertise the product in the global market because it needs to understand and analyze the environments of different countries, but this topic by lecturer helps us at a great extent in understanding global marketing and advertising. The complexity of understanding different environments of different countries has made uncomplicated by the lecturer in the week 4 by discussing the topic of dimensions of culture. This topic gave us an understanding of how to understand the characteristics of culture while understanding the culture to target with the purpose of business. This topic tells us the importance of understanding the characteristics of targeted people of different cultures. After giving the understanding of dimensions of culture lecturer contained us specifically towards the understanding of consumer behavior (Keegan and Green, 2012). Consumer behavior is changing with a fast pace with the advancement of technology and adap tation of technology by consumers. Consumers are now getting aware with the changing trends so marketer needs to be very active in understanding the changing trends of the market and importantly the changing taste and preferences of consumers. Consumer behavior study taught us the factors of understanding the changing tastes and preferences of consumer with the changing trend (Terpstra, 2000). After learning the topic of consumer behavior the lecturer gave the in-depth knowledge of consumer behavior for global market by discussing the topic of consumer ethnocentrism and disidentification. This topic gave the understanding of why consumer prefers international products over the domestic products or why consumer prefer domestic product over international brands. Many factors have been discussed in this topic which can affect the consumer preferences. This study is very important for the global marketers and we have learned a lot of techniques in this study. This study will help us in creating a brand in the presence of the needs and preferences of customers of the target market. Market is smart now so marketer needs to be smart as well in understanding the market moves. In the 9th week the lecturer moves us towards the basic

Developing a better understanding of film-making and remakes Essay

Developing a better understanding of film-making and remakes - Essay Example It shall discuss the idea of remaking flexibly, choosing to deal with cross-cultural remaking, including substantial elements of film-making. Issues of production, text, reception, and cultural translations shall be considered in this paper. This paper is being undertaken in order to develop a better understanding of film-making and its processes, including its interpretations of materials into various genres, languages, cultures, and conceptualizations. This paper shall first provide a brief comparative summary of both films, and then provide a deeper assessment of the film-making remaking concepts seen and applied in the movies. It shall end its discussion by summarizing and concluding the relevant elements of this analysis. Body Ringu After teenagers watch a tape which is rumoured to be cursed, the teenagers soon die one after another through mysterious circumstances, most common of which is fright. One of these teenagers is the niece of Reiko, an investigative reporter who was th en prompted to investigate the story of a mysterious tape which is reportedly killing off anyone who watches it. During her investigation, she discovers that the face of teenagers who have watched the tape have been distorted somewhat. A cabin in the woods is also pictured in the pictures. Reiko proceeds to the cabin and ends up watching the tape herself. Soon after watching , she receives a phone call telling her that she would die in a week. She then seeks the help of her ex-husband Ryuji who also proceeds to watch the video. Her son finds the tape and watches it as well. A copy of the tape was made for them to study. They find a hidden message on the film which leads them to the Izu Oshima Island where they find out that Sadako, who is allegedly committing the murders, was killed by her father. Thinking of appeasing Sadako, they find her watery grave and try to free her vengeful spirit. However Sadako is still very much vengeful and, after tangling with Reiko, falls back into the well. When nothing happens to Reiko, they assume that the curse is broken. This proved to be wrong when the following day, Ryuji is killed by Sadako. Reiko soon finds out that since she made a copy of the film and let her ex-husband watch the movie, she broke the curse for herself. But the curse on her husband was not broken and caused his death. In order to prevent the death of her son, she makes a copy of the movie to pass on. The movie ends then, implying that the cycle, very much like a ring would never end. The Ring In the American version, the story more or less follows the Japanese plot. Minor differences are seen with the characters primarily being American, Rachel matching Reiko’s character; Aidan being Rachel’s son, and Noah, being Rachel’s ex-boyfriend as opposed to ex-husband. Understandably, since the movie is an American interpretation, the island where the images in the cursed film were seen is known as Moesko Island. Sadako’s American cou nterpart is known as Samara. Analysis In general, the remake primarily proceeded as an Americanization of the Japanese version, from the characters, names, settings, and naturally, the language. On a deeper context, there are other elements of the remaking process which impacted on the movie’s translation and interpretation. There are three important and applicable terms in assessing remakes, and these

Decision Making Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Decision Making - Coursework Example The verdict bears positives for the individuals in the institution as well as the organization. However, the prioritization of profit with disregard of the customer well-being leads the firm into crisis. Specifically, it amounts to the organization breaching the laws governing ethical practices and thus may face legal action (Fitzgerald, 2002). For this reason, the company needs to make haste and strategic decisions with high-risk consequences. Nonetheless, the company may compensate the victims to avoid legal battles. More so, individuals in the company should look into ways that improve the product. Therefore, it is important that the leader change the decision-making approach that gives the managers the autogamy of making decisions in the enterprise. Considering Werbach’s criticism of Wal-Mart, it is unexpected that he would join the company. However, he realizes that he can influence change while working from within the system. Although the public view this as a bad decision, Werbach can change the employees’ lifestyle as they start embracing sustainable practices. Therefore, it is a successful decision considering the positive outcome. A successful decision is measured by how well it shapes the growth of the business. In addition, the benefit-cost ratio is applicable as an indicator of assessing the effectiveness of a decision of the company (Fitzgerald,

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethics - Essay Example They therefore, greatly encourage critical thinking so as to make the right decision under the given circumstances. In the contemporary environment of fast changing dynamics of socio-cultural and economic environment, ethical consideration and morality have become big issues, especially in the corporate world. The multicultural societies encompassing people from different race, color, culture and nations have increasingly become common across the globe. The inclusion of diversity within and outside the business paradigms have turned into major ethical issues that must be addressed. In fact, racial differences and lack of understanding of cross cultural values have fast emerged has vital ingredients of workplace conflicts leading to unethical conduct. I believe that rational thinking rather than emotions or intuition is the key facilitator for ethical decision making process. Rationalizing events and looking at the pros and con of the situation are major tools of critical thinking tha t helps to come up with right solution that is fair and is based on informed choices. The interpretation of events and human behavior must be accompanied by proper dissemination of information. The understanding of the issues promotes wider acceptance of the decisions made.

Business objectives from an ethical perspective Essay

Business objectives from an ethical perspective - Essay Example Business objectives from an ethical perspective In order to achieve its objectives rightly, there are important measures a business has to refer to in its quest to achieve set objectives, these are the business ethics. Business ethics refers to a certain kind of applied or professional ethics, whose role in business is to make an examination of the manner in which moral values are followed in the business environment. It is important that a business, having set its objectives, devise ethical values to govern the manner in which it conducts its internal and external activities in achieving its set objectives. Business ethics defines the manner in which a business treats its staff, manages their affairs and responds to arising issues satisfactorily. At the same time, business ethics plays an important role in the way a business relates with its external environment, it ensures that competition is done in the best interest of all players in the industry. If a business fails to observe business ethics, then it is bound to affect its i nternal and external business operations including a possible confrontation with its stakeholders. Pfizer being a global company; it has a global vision of researching, manufacturing and delivering medicines for all people around the world. In this understanding, the company has created a statement upon which it operates, that is, â€Å"good health is vital† to all people. It has a major corporate objective of producing medicines that can prevent several diseases, currently; the company is working extensively to produce medicines that can cure and prevent some of the world’s most terminal diseases like Alzheimer’s and cancer among others.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethics - Essay Example They therefore, greatly encourage critical thinking so as to make the right decision under the given circumstances. In the contemporary environment of fast changing dynamics of socio-cultural and economic environment, ethical consideration and morality have become big issues, especially in the corporate world. The multicultural societies encompassing people from different race, color, culture and nations have increasingly become common across the globe. The inclusion of diversity within and outside the business paradigms have turned into major ethical issues that must be addressed. In fact, racial differences and lack of understanding of cross cultural values have fast emerged has vital ingredients of workplace conflicts leading to unethical conduct. I believe that rational thinking rather than emotions or intuition is the key facilitator for ethical decision making process. Rationalizing events and looking at the pros and con of the situation are major tools of critical thinking tha t helps to come up with right solution that is fair and is based on informed choices. The interpretation of events and human behavior must be accompanied by proper dissemination of information. The understanding of the issues promotes wider acceptance of the decisions made.

Effects of Media Globalisation Essay Example for Free

Effects of Media Globalisation Essay Summary of the Effects of Media Globalization by Mary Hickman The world, in many ways, has been benefited from media globalization. However, the lurking dark side of media globalization that threatens us, as audiences of the media, has to be acknowledged and cogitated. Undoubtedly, media globalization has transformed our lives in many ways. Friedman (2005) asserted that the seamless information sharing have brought nations closer in the facets of businesses, personal communications and medical industries. Unfortunately, media globalization has brought about many drawbacks to the world. Firstly, it is a question of the motivation behind media corporations. According to Chomsky (1996), profits are the primary motivation behind every multi-national media corporations. Overwhelming media businesses have swallowed the essence of journalism. As a result, media corporations have the ability to manipulate the media, creating their ideal audience of a certain kind. Due to the small pool of competing media corporations, the existing powerful media corporations have been dominating the media content. Through various underhand methods, the media corporations have effectively influenced and gained favor by the government. Friedman acknowledges that American media corporation, as leaders in the media globalization arena, are leading the media world into a dangerous position; posing a great challenge to media liberation. In addition, Siochru (2004) postulated that intervening American media has damaged cultures amongst countries. While the voices of the audiences are suppressed, proliferation of unhealthy media content such as cognitive content of greed has been appalling. Due to the minimum participation of media content from the audiences, we are vulnerable to any form of ideologies that are intentionally displayed by the media monopoly.

Introduction Of Merger And Acquisition Management Essay

Introduction Of Merger And Acquisition Management Essay Acquisition- In this purchases of one company by another in which no new company is formed. The acquisition process is very complex and various studies shows that only 50% acquisition is successful. Governing low- The company act 1956 thus not define the term merger or amalgamation. It deals with schemes of merger or which acquisition are gives in s. 390.394 A,395 , 396 and 396 A. Classification of merger :- Horizontal Merger Vertical merger Market extension merger Product extension merger Conglomeration Congeneric merger Purchase merger Consolidation merger Accretive merger Dilutive merger HP AND COMPAC MERGER Introduction of HP :- It all began in the year 1928 when two electrical engeerning gradutate from standard university called willam Hewlett and David Packard strated their business in a garage in palo alto. In a year time the Hewlett Packard was made and by the year 1947, HP was incorporated. Hp enterprise business formly called TSG is the largest business segment of HP, according for 36% of HPs 2007 revenue , providind service, storage, software and information technology services that enables. The product and services from this organization serve HPbusiness of all sizes in more than 170 countries. Organizational Structure :- HPs operations are organized into seven business segment Enterprise storage and servers (ESS) HP procurve HP services HP software and solutions Personal systems group (PSG) Imaging and printing Group(PSG) HP financial services (HPFS) Corporate Investments. The three business segment ESS , HPS and HP software solution are structured beneath the broader Enterprise Business (EB) group in order to capitalize selling cross selling opportunities and give a solution sale approach across the HP enterprises offering. INTRODUCTION OF COMPAQ Copaq computer corporation is the worlds largest supplier of personal computers and as a result of its acquisition of Digital Equipment Corporation in 1998, is the second largest computer firm in the world . The company was formed by two senior managers at Taxes Instrument. The company had come from Compatibility Quality. Position Of HP before Merger. Stocks gradually rase a peak of $74.48 after Fiorina was hired from their value of $ 54.43 the day before she had joined HP, meeting growth targets proved difficult as both the company and industry stabled As a result HP was forced to cut the jobs to ask employees to take unpaid leave. By September 2001, stock value had fallen to less than half of its level when fiorina was hired . so she decided to merge with Compaq. At that time Compaq in a stock transaction is net worth was 2 millio. And positon of Compaq is too good revenue increase. They do merge only for expansion the company. Main reason of Merger To compete with IBM and other companies The combined service business will have 65000 service professionals is 100000 plus for IBM Reduce cost Bolster stock Main aim of merger The main aim of the merger was to enhance the market competition. The newly formed company would be bigger than HP The combined effort would result in a big computer and software services business. The new company would definitely help the management to increase the number of customer in IT sector. HP wanted to enhance their market of computer hardware product. Problem of Merger The merger totally opposed by both the companies. The investment and the other stakeholders though at the company would never be able to have the loyalty of the Compaq customers, if products are sold with HP logo on it. Synchorization of organizations member with each other. Change in the organization which are not accepted by the employees. These are the main problem which come first after merger. The CEO of HP , Fiorina justified that merger by following point: Merger would remove serious competitor in the over supplied PC market of those days The market share of the company is bound to increase with merge. The working unit would double These points helps to unfreezing the employee. Advantages of merger Large the market share in the market and units of production also double. Compete IBM Both the companies would decrease as the internal costs on promotion, marketing and shipping would come down with the merger. New techniques or technology develop Company requires being consistent with creativity, improvement and modification. Advantages to the shareholder are as follow Unique opportunity Stronger company Compelling company Ability to execute Transaction summery Structure stock for stock merger Exchange ratio 0.6325 of HP share per Compaq share Current value approx $25 billion Ownership HP share holder 64% Compaq shareholder 36% Accounting Purchase Expected closing First half of 2002 Burke Litwin Model. BURKE LITWIN MODLE This is second order change. Its a big change for the companies. And all the features of second order change are used in this merger Transformation :- this merger is done on discounting bases. Both the company combine and form a new vision, new name , polices, culture procedure all changes. Redical overhaul :- Everything is change in one time so it si redical overhaul. Revalutionery :- Fiorna CEO of HP come with massive change she is one who ask about merger so, she come with massive cahnge So all features are cover under this merger so, according to me its second order change. In this Merger Transformational Leader is Carly Fiorno CEO of HP company Fiorno announced HPS plan to aquire the Compaq in stock transaction valued at $ 25 billion idea for the merger with Compaq a Houston bas maker founded in 1982 had grow out of a phone conversion between Fiorina and Compaq chairman CEO Michal Capellas IN JUNE 2001. By the first week of September, the merger had been approved boards at both companies. KURT- LEWIN MODEL This model include three points: Unfreezing Movement Refreezing Unfreezing:- for doing unfreezing both the companies firstly establish a sense of unrgency in the organization. Than analyze the organizational change need. So doing unfreezing CEO of HP explain that the need of change that what the company condition and its important for the company to make a change and also introduce what the aim behind the merger as I discusse above.. we can say what the desired state companies want the people of HP and Compaq see the gap what exists and what will exist. Than the people move to reduce the gap and achieved the desiered change. So that in this way both the companies do unfreezing. Movement :- The second step is movement. HP and Compaq really helped their employees and other member for accepting the change and new culture which formed by those two companies. They ask all the advantage of merger to their employees. So that it is easy for employees to move from their position. Employees see the advantages and accept the change and move further. Refreezing :- the third step but not the least is refreezing. So to give again same level of comfort to employees Fiorno arranged the meeting with investor or employee. Give more information regarding the merger. And also given more information to employees that now company will help in future. In meeting she said this company has never been about looking in the real view mirror . But Fiorina strat are as fallow : Tried to change the culture in HP Autocratic management A centralized Approach So, new CEO was Mark Huld come and he take following step. Educating the HP employees and manager to make them for talented. Exploting the possibilities of the merger Took inintaitives to cut down cost and layoff employees. CONCLUSION According this merger is right and good for economy. Basically this merger is need of HP. Fiorina knows that without taking this merger HP faces so many problem. So a very good step and make it possible. In strating she faced problems but afterwards she solved all the problems. But some of their strategies are not good and she resigned in 2005 and new CEO come Mark Hurd taken good step for HP. So in the end conclude this merger faces many up and down. But in the end it successful. And this merger is good for the world. 2ND PART PROCTER GAMBLE P G is American multinational corporation headquatered in downtown , in cin cinnan, quio U.S which manufacturs a wide range of consumer goods . P G was founded by William procter and james ganble in 1837. It is 6th in fortune most advired companies 2010 list. Bob MC Donalds is current CEO and president for the same. Vision of proctor gamble- vision of P G unifies them in common cause and growth strategy of improving more consumers lives in small but meaningful ways each day. It inspires P G people to make posture contribution everyday. Consumer products offered by PG are in areas of pharmaceutical , cleaning supplies, personal care and pet supplies. GILLETTE COMPANTY Gillette is a brand of proctor gamble currently used for safety razors , among other peesaral hygiene products. Based in Boston. It was one od several brands originally owned by Gillette company, a various brands which was acquired by P G in 2005. Their slogan is the best a man can get. The original Gillette in 1995 as a safety razor manufactures. Old Gillette products now Gillette products Disposable blade razor (1902) Trac ii (2 blade razor) Super speed model TT design (1997) trac plus (lubricating razor) Adjustable razor (1958) atra plus Sensored (spring locaded blaids sensor encec sensor 3 MERGER DETAILS On october 1st 2005 , portor gamble finaly purchased the Gillette which resulted merger between the 2 . this merger grateddue would largest personal care and household products campany. intially Gillette company assets were incarnated into a P G linit known internally as global Gillette, in july 2007 Global gillete was discounted and incorporated into proctor gambles Other two main divisions, proctor gamble beauty and procure care. Gillette brand and products were divided between the two accordingly. Merger was financed by 60% of stock and 40% cash cash and P G accured gittelles for US $ 57 billion in stock. -after acquisition Gillette CEO James Kilts became vice -chairmar. 6000 employees were eliminated and given pinkslips which reduced overlapping management positions. PROFILE (POSITION BEFORE MERGER) gillette brand basically caters safety razors in the market. before due merger gillette products razors are not so technological savvy. And an comparatively enterprise with that of other companies. Due to companion company market declined to an intent. Which forced CEO of Gillette to merger with a high profile company like PG to gain good market share in market. PROCTOR GNABLE is a highly profiled company and ranked 79th in fortune global 500 list of world largest compnies . ti basically involved in consumer good services and previsouly also acquired source of the companies. Main reasons for merger- To compete with other companies in the developing countries. The combined companies introduced new innovative products and product line got increased. To gain high market growth. Complementary goods were introduced like PG given their hand in sharing products to complement safety razors etc. This merger is a friendly merger just to grow business. MAIN AIM OF MERGER- the always to enhance the market share of the company and to compete with the competitors. As 2 companies combine will be more satisfying than one alone. PROBLEM FACED WITH MERGER -basically less problem were faced during the merger taken place because the merger is friendly merger between two companies. But initially when the merger news where announced many employees were shocked as companies are good in profits. Some talented employees left their jobs as they not want to work in merged company and many worker were lay-offed . But still company is very cooperative with their employees and given them proper training for the merger. some employees were not adapted the new culture of organization for this proper counseling is imparted to them for easy adaption. KURT -LEWIN MODEL APPLICATION Kurt lewin proposed three stage in change management programmer. Unfreezing (preparing ourselves, other to change) Movement (transition stage) Refreezing (freezing the new change) In case of PG and Gillette merger following stage occurred as follows. It was basically the decision of CEO of Gillette that two companies were will established and project making companies so it come as a shock to all the people when the merger of two companies was announced. Unfreezing stage To carry out this merger successfully a term was made to carry smooth integration which contain employees from various financial areas experienced personnel. A thought due divergence was done before any step was taken for merger of these companies. This special term selected employees (talented) from different departments of Gillette which PG wanted to retain. During this some employees were commenced with the idea of merger some left due job. To filldue gap due company does internal recruitment also based on enterprises of employees. Some valuable employees were not ready to join due merger company so several special packages were given to them. HR managers also worked very well in boosting due morale of employees. I this stage Gillette ensured that each stage the employees were kept informed , they were timely giving due updates and told them due steps clearly the organization is taking for future growth of employees as well as company. Driving forces re-straining forces Faster sales growth and cost saving Several new packages Opportunities for more innovation Dedicated team Capacity addition Merger PG Gillette Leak of news by press and resulting stock fear Difference in organizational structure Job insecurity and layoffs The driving force are so powerful that they overcome restarting force in this merger. MOVEMENT STAGE- Most of the employees were counted as due employees trusted due management a lot. They are confident that management would keep the best interest of the employees in mind. -Training programme- one day session was provided to existing employees from Gillette who joined the merged company. CAREER PLANING-Gillette globally signed a contract with right management consultant to provide career transaction service. In India this project was handled by grow talent. COUNCELING- The leaders born at corporate and institutional head provided tremendous help to their teams, Internal mentors were appointed to guide implies to make right career choice and in dealing with anxiety, handling new friends and family. EMOTIONAL SUPPORT- By helping them to manage change of new job news of family and friends with new colleagues. INTERACTUAL SUPPORT- Preparing employees for improving their marketability salary negotiation and interviews etc . LANDING SUPPORT- By analyzing strengths and skills of employees to determine career decisions, interpersonal skills, time management skill, organizational skills this training is given to every employee of Gillette whether he stayed in the organization or laid off. Due to this career transition supported and enabled employees to face the job market at least 90% of the employees who were being laid off got an offer even before they had left the company. FREEZING:- the employees adapted this change as the company was very cooperative with them. Even people who lay off also got settled down. For this strategic transition Gillette got DMA Erewon innovation award in 2006 also. This deal created by the CEOS created a win- win situation for all stake holders and set a fine example in todays dynamic business environment preparing HR people for taking challenges. BRUKE LEWIN MODEL APPLICATION:- This merger between the two companies P G and Gillette is a second order change with this merger the structure of two companies changed drastically as it is a radical change.. TRANSFORMATION:- due this merger PG AND Gillette transformed as policy, culture and produced all change. REVOLUTIONARY: CEO of Gillette wanted this merger they took the just step of merger between the two for growth and developing country. SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF MERGER: this merger was a grand success because more than a merger its a friendly move by both companies. As it beneficiate both the company due market after the merger increased. In this merger basically innovation was focused rather than scale. It is unique case of acquisition where in innovative company expanded it product line by acquiring another innovative company. It was described as a perfect marriage by some analyst. CEO of PG AG lafley thinks it necessary to overtake close companies especially in developing countries so he acquired Gillette and expanded its product line by adding some shaving products. After this merger the market share of both companies increased tremendously. CONCLUSION:- Merger of PG and Gillette acted as a boom for Gillette as we can see from figure Gillette market share raised up by 71.1% the merger is a perfect marriage of companies which contributed growth, innovations in the product line of the same. Through initially the changes are structured distributed the companies employees but afterwards it benefitted the companies a lot. And market share increased highly after the merger took place. 3RD PART ORGANISATION PROFILE HINDALCO INDUSTRIES LIMITED Hindalco Industries Limited, a flagship company of the Aditya Birla Group, is structured into two strategic businesses aluminium and copper with annual revenue of US $14 billion and a market capitalization in excess of US $ 23 billion. Hindalco commenced its operations in 1962 with an aluminium facility at Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh. Birla Copper, Hindalcos copper division is situated in Dahej in the Bharuch district of Gujarat. Established in 1958, Hindalco commissioned its aluminium facility at Renukoot in eastern U.P. in 1962 and has today grown to become the countrys largest integrated aluminum producer and ranks among the top quartile of low cost producers in the world. The aluminium divisions product range includes alumina chemicals, primary aluminium ingots, billets, wire rods, rolled products, extrusions, foils and alloy wheels. It enjoys a domestic market share of 42 per cent in primary aluminium, 63 per cent in rolled products, 20 per cent in extrusions, 44 per cent in foils and 31 per cent in wheels. Hindalco has launched several brands in recent years, namely Aura for alloy wheels, Freshwrapp for kitchen foil and ever last for roofing sheets. The copper plant produces copper cathodes, continuous cast copper rods and precious metals like gold, silver and platinum group metal mix. sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, di-ammonium phosphate, other phosphatic fertilisers and phospho-gypsum are also produced at this plant. Hindalco Industries Limited has a 51.0% shareholding in Aditya Birla Minerals which has mining and exploration activities focused in Australia. The company has two RD centres at Belgaum, Karnataka and Taloja, Maharashtra. They have been recognized by the Government of Indias Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). [Exhibit 1] Year over year, Hindalco Industries Ltd. has been able to grow revenues from 121.2B to 193.2B. Most impressively, the company has been able to reduce the percentage of sales devoted to selling, general and administrative costs from 4.15% to 2.96%. This was a driver that led to a bottom line growth from 15.8B to 26.9B. NOVELIS Novelis is the world leader in aluminium rolling, producing an estimated 19 percent of the worlds flat-rolled aluminium products. Novelis is the world leader in the recycling of used aluminium beverage cans. The company recycles more than 35 billion used beverage cans annually. The company is No. 1 rolled products producer in Europe, South America and Asia, and the No. 2 producer in North America. With industry-leading assets and technology, the company produces the highest-quality aluminium sheet and foil products for customers in high -value markets including automotive, transportation, packaging, construction and printing. Our customers include major brands such as Agfa -Gevaert, Alcan, Anheuser-Busch, Ball, Coca-Cola, Crown Cork Seal, Daching Holdings, Ford, General Motors, Lotte Aluminium, Kodak, Pactiv, Rexam, Ryerson Tull, Tetra Pak, ThyssenKrupp and others. Novelis represents a unique combination of the new and the 5 old. Novelis is a new company, formed in January 2005, with a new velocity, a new philosophy and a new attitude. But Novelis is also a spin-off from Alcan and, as such, draws on a rich 90-year history in the aluminium rolled product marketplace . Novelis has a diversified product portfolio, which serves to the different set of industries vis-Ã  -vis it has a very strong geographical presences in four continents. POSITION OF NOVELIS BEFORE AQUISITION Novelis was always a problem child. It was born in early 2005 as a result of a forced spin-off from its parent, the $ 23.6-billion aluminium giant and Canada-based Alcan. In 2003, Alcan won a hostile offer to wed French aluminium company Pechiney. But the marriage produced an unwanted child Novelis. Both Alcan and Pechiney had bauxite mines, facilities to produce primary aluminium, and rolling mills to turn the raw metal into products such as stock for Pepsi and Coke cans and automotive parts. But the US and European anti-trust proceedings ruled that the rolled products business of either Alcan or Pechiney had to be divested from the merged entity. Alcan cast out its rolled products business to form Novelis. It is now the worlds leading producer of aluminium-rolled products with a 19 per cent global market share. But in the spin-off process, Novelis ended up inheriting a debt mountain of almost $2.9 billion on a capital base of less than $500 million. That was just the beginning of its troubles.The situation is worse now. Though it marginally reduced debt, it made some losses too. On a net worth of $322 million, Novelis has a debt of $2.33 billion (most of it high cost). Thats a debt-equity ratio of 7.23:1. Soon, the unwanted child stumbled into another crisis. Novelis has a simple business model. It buys primary aluminium, processes it into rolled products like stock for soft drink cans, automotive parts, etc., and sells it to customers such as Coke and Ford. But the management took a wrong call on aluminium prices. In a bid to win more business from soft drink manufacturers, it promised four customers not to increase product prices even if raw material aluminium prices went up beyond a point. A few months after Novelis signed those contracts, aluminium prices shot up 39 per cent (between 30 September 2005 and 2006). To these four customers, Novelis was forced to sell its products at prices that were lower than raw material costs. These four account for 20 per cent of Noveliss $9-billion revenues. But the managements wrong judgement led to losses of $350 million (in 2006). For long, Noveliss former CFO Geoffrey P. Batt, former controller Jo-Ann Longworth and the finance team didnt quantify these losses. After the complicated spin-off from Alcan this involved extensive operations in over 35 plants in 11 countries and four continents the finance team also struggled to file quarterly and annual results on time. Many of the numbers it managed to file on time were wrong and were later re-stated. The board stepped in. First, it replaced its CFO and controller (in December 2005). When that didnt help much, it replaced CEO Brian W. Sturgell in August 2006. (It is still looking for a full-time CEO.) There are many more reasons for the distress in Novelis. NEED OF THE CHANGE Post acquisitions, the company will get a strong global footprint. After full integration, the joint entity will become insulated from the fluctuation of LME Aluminium prices. The deal will give Hindalco a strong presence in recycling of aluminium business because as per aluminium characteristic, aluminium is infinitely recyclable and recycling it requires only 5% of the energy needed to produce primary aluminium. Novelis has a very strong technology for value added products and its latest technology Novelis Fusion is very unique one and it would have taken a minimum 8-10 years to Hindalco for building these facilities, if Hindalco takes organically route. As per company details, the replacement value of the Novelis is US $12 billion, so considering the time required and replacement value; the deal is worth for Hindalco. SUCCESS OF MERGER Hindalco has undertaken aggressive plans to increase its capacities through capacity expansion as well as by setting up greenfield plants. Hindalco increased its capacity at Hirakud plant by 35,000 tonnes to one lakh tonne. When Hindalco completes its entire project, smelting capacity has increase by about 10 lakh tonnes. Along with smelting capacities, the companies are expanding alumina capacities and setting up captive power plants. Domestic alumina capacity is set to increase by 9.5 million tonnes when all the outstanding projects are completed. In 2007 about 1.23 million tonnes of capacity has come on stream, catapulting aggregate capacity to 4.23 million tonnes. Large alumina capacities have not only feed captive aluminium smelters, but also leave surplus alumina to be exported to lucrative markets like China. Currently Hindalcos production is tied up with clients. Also Novelis has similar contracts with its suppliers. But after 3-4 years it would start the operation of new pla nts. Then it can source excess capacity to the Novelis plants located in south East Asian countries. The merger looks not bad if the current financial valuations are ignored. Also we need to keep in mind that Hindalco is a very aggressively growing company, for it to build infrastructure that can match Novelis is very difficult. PROBLEM FACED BY THE ORGANISATION WHILE MANAGING THE CHANGE Buy- in and commitment from stakeholder: It is not only the C-level management which has to buy-in to the globalization change but staff at all levels. In the aquisiton between Hindalco lmt. And Novelis the people were involved in the operation for off shoring that do not buy into the initiative and influence other team members, creating waves of resistance. It became critical to have a high degree of commitment from leaders and managers to effectively communicate the needs to the off shore. Employee resistance: Any change is bound to attract resistance especially in merger between Hindalco and Novelis because of the politicized negative publicity and hence had a direct impact on the employee productivity. Complacement workforce: The workforce of Hindalco lmt were comfortable and complacement about productivity and customer service cost and therefore resisted to change. KURT LEWIN MODEL Unfreezing: The Unfreezing stage is probably one of the more important stages to understand in the world of change we live in today. This stage is about getting ready to change. It involves getting to a point of understanding that change is necessary and getting ready to move away from our current comfort zone. In this case, both the companies were ready to merge with each other and hence a change was going to be held in both the organization. Novelis is the world leader in aluminium rolling, producing an estimated 19 percent of the worlds flat-rolled aluminium products. Novelis is the world leader in the recycling of used aluminium beverage cans. With industry-leading assets and technology, the company produces the highest-quality aluminium sheet and foil products for customers in high -value markets including automotive, transportation, packaging, construction and printing. But Novelis has always suffered a lot of losses. Hence it needed change its system otherwise it would have to pack up from the market. Hindalco lmt.businesses aluminium and copper with annual revenue of US $14 billion and a market capitalization in excess of US $ 23 billion. It was ready to aquire Novelis because it had a high quality aluminium sheets and even had high technology but the company was going into losses. Therefore, the company had an opportunity to acquire the company and was ready to change and therefore it was following the unfreezing step of kurt lewin model. Change/Transition: Kurt Lewin was aware that change is not an event, but rather a process. He called that process a transition. Transition is the inner movement or journey we make in reaction to a change. This second stage occurs as we make the changes that are needed. People are unfrozen and moving towards a new way of being. In this case as both the companies Hindalco and Novelis were merged together. While the process of Acquisition both the companies had faced a lot of problems. The employees of Novelis showed resistance towards change in the working condition as per the working model of Hindalco lmt. Refreezing In this process simply, when employees minds move from Novelis to Hindalco lmt. then in this case Novelis have done the refreeze procees with employees because this time 2 different people come in one organization for work together that is why Novelis will have to definitately give some compensations, growth plans to their existing employees for